There have been many significant inventions that changed the way Essay

There have been numerous huge developments that changed the manner in which individuals live their lives. What, as you would see it, is one signific - Essay Example Postulation Statement - While innovative advances, for example, power and the web improved the lives of individuals from numerous points of view, they didn't generally add to halting the proceeded with deliberate abuse of over half of the world’s populace. The Early Forms of Birth Control In the old world, numerous ladies and a couple of men considered how to make an item that could prevent ladies from imagining each time they encountered sexual closeness. It was a gotten truth, and, after its all said and done, that proceeded with pregnancies were significantly destructive to the collections of ladies. There have been records found to confirm that unrefined types of condoms were made out of the digestion tracts of creatures in antiquated Greece. There were likewise poultices framed from as grouping of weird substances which were utilized by ladies. Besides, the vast majority of these techniques were ineffective in halting pregnancy. Anti-conception medication was seen just li ke a no-no subject that ‘respectable’ ladies would not participate in. ... Contraception in the Early Days According to Engelman, from 1800 to 1900 in the United States alone, nine out of each 1000 ladies would lose their lives during labor (Engelman, 24). The American government effectively disheartened the dispersion of any data in regards to issues to do with controlling pregnancy or separating the quantities of youngsters that a lady had. Taking part in such exercises was viewed as being on the side of the spread of obscene exercises. Additionally, the American government didn't state or do much about the numerous ladies who were passing on consistently during labor. As talking honestly about conceptive issues was something that could be arraigned under state just as government laws of the time, ladies in the eighteenth century didn't have a clue or see much as concerning their bodies or regenerative frameworks. For women’s lives to be improved, they must have the option to control their conceptive lives. In the eighteenth century, just as in the entire hundreds of years earlier, there were various strategies that a few couples turned to so as to forestall pregnancy. In certain families, a wedded couple would really see family members independently as a method of managing the impulse to take part in sex. A couple of couples attempted to utilize restraint, in any event, when they were living respectively, to constrain the introduction of kids. Numerous couples, in any case, favored the withdrawal strategy, or other untested methods that included the utilization of wipes, condoms, cervical tops, and douches. Every one of these strategies, however, were not extremely fruitful. Most of wipes and creams even brought genuine wellbeing related issues for their clients. Forbearance didn't work generally in light of the fact that it required total abstinence with respect to the spouse. Ladies, who were very much aware of

Philanthropy have left her utterly unconcerned abo Essay Example For Students

Charity have left her absolutely uninterested abo Essay hiut her family and Harold Skimpole who is a sluggish and narrow minded man took care of by others’ liberality and his mimicry of whimsical flightiness. In its time the novel was viewed as ineffectively built notwithstanding its host of intriguing characters albeit later pundits have by and large considered it to be one of his best works in spite of its periodic verbosity. Differently a ward partner to the London poor and a fruitful New Zealand sheep rancher, Samuel Butler didn't prize the perspectives of his time (the second 50% of the nineteenth century). His books were nonconformist in their mentalities towards Victorian beliefs and The Way of All Flesh is premier among them. It is fitting, at that point, that it was distributed after his demise and Queen Victorias, in 1903. It was finished in its unique form in 1885 however the subsequent half was rarely changed. It delineates the lives of four ages and is described by family companion Overton despite the fact that it centers around Ernest Pontifex and his regard for his extraordinary granddad John. His dad Theo is the books starting concern, though,and he develops after appointment into coldblooded and drill sergeant perspectives to parenthood which influence youthful Ernest. As the story advances we see the last give his cash to a pregnant servant, become a minister and detained for confusing a g ood woman with a prostitute. Ernest is discharged distinctly to start a hasty relationship with the house keeper, Ellen. The story and its decision question the estimations of Victorian culture and offer the comfort of the individual psyche when show comes up short. Many respect The Way of All Flesh, distributed in 1903, the year after Butlers passing, as his perfect work of art. It unquestionably contains a great part of the pith of Butlerism. This generally self-portraying novel tells, with merciless mind, authenticity, and absence of conclusion, the tale of Butlers escape from the stifling good air of his home circle. In it, the character Ernest Pontifex represents Butlers early self and Overton for his develop self; Theobald and Christina are his folks; Towneley and Alethea speak to â€Å"nice† individuals who â€Å"love God† in Butlers uncommon feeling of having â€Å"good wellbeing, great looks, great sense, understanding, and a reasonable equalization of money in hand.† The book was persuasive toward the start of the counter Victorian response and helped reverse the situation against unnecessary parental predominance and strict unbending nature. Ernest Pontifex, hero in The Way of All Flesh, fights his dads iron will in an individual battle to completely understand the capability of oneself. While taking the situation of a scholarly gadfly resolved to assault the tricks of society, Pontifex likewise expect the accepted job of representative for the creators one of a kind enemy of Victorian convictions. Bibliography:philanthropy have left her absolutely indifferent about her family and Harold Skimpole who is an apathetic and egotistical man took care of by others’ liberality and his mimicry of whimsical flightiness. In its time the novel was viewed as ineffectively developed in spite of its host of intriguing characters albeit later pundits have for the most part considered it to be one of his best works regardless of its incidental verbosity. Method of all fleshSummary Variously an area aide to the London poor and a fruitful New Zealand sheep rancher, Samuel Butler didn't love the mentalities of his time (the second 50% of the nineteenth century). His books were nonconformist in their perspectives towards Victorian beliefs and The Way of All Flesh is preeminent among them. It is suitable, at that point, that it was distributed after his passing and Queen Victorias, in 1903. It was finished in its unique form in 1885 however the subsequent half was rarely changed. It delineates the lives of four ages and is described by family companion Overton in spite of the fact that it centers around Ernest Pontifex and his regard for his extraordinary granddad John. His dad Theo is the books introductory concern, though,and he develops after appointment into barbarous and slave driver perspectives to parenthood which influence youthful Ernest. As the story advances we see the last give his cash to a pregnant house cleaner, become a mi nister and detained for confusing a decent woman with a prostitute. Ernest is discharged distinctly to start an indiscreet relationship with the servant, Ellen. The story and its decision question the estimations of Victorian culture and offer

Research on Borderline Personality Disorder Subtypes

Research on Borderline Personality Disorder Subtypes BPD Print Research on Borderline Personality Disorder Subtypes By Kristalyn Salters-Pedneault, PhD Kristalyn Salters-Pedneault, PhD, is a clinical psychologist and associate professor of psychology at Eastern Connecticut State University. Learn about our editorial policy Kristalyn Salters-Pedneault, PhD Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on August 05, 2016 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on September 19, 2019 Westend61/Getty Images More in BPD Diagnosis Treatment Living With BPD Related Conditions Borderline personality disorder (BPD) is associated with a number of different signs and symptoms. In order to be diagnosed with BPD, an individual must meet just five out of a total of nine diagnostic criteria, meaning that BPD in one person can look very different from BPD in another.?? This has led some experts to wonder whether there are actually distinct types of borderline personalities. BPD Subtypes  in Popular Media In popular media and pop psychology books, there is a great deal of discussion of different BPD subtypes. For example, in her book Understanding the Borderline Mother, Dr. Christine Lawson, describes four subtypes of mothers with BPD: the Waif (helpless), the Hermit (fearful/avoidant), the Queen (controlling) and the Witch (sadistic). In The Essential Family Guide to Borderline Personality Disorder by Randi Kreger, people with BPD are grouped into lower-functioning/conventional types versus higher-functioning/invisible types. The conventional type is described as engaging in a lot of self-destructive behavior that requires frequent hospitalization, and being very low-functioning, meaning he or she may not be able to work or go to school. The author calls this self-destructive behavior acting in, an idea that correlates with the concept of  internalizing symptoms. In contrast, the invisible type is described as functioning well in most contexts, but engaging in a great deal of acting out behavior, such as verbal abuse, criticizing others or becoming violent. This description correlates well with the concept of  externalizing symptoms. These subtypes of BPD in popular literature were derived from the authors own expert opinions on the existence of different types of borderline personalities. More recently, researchers have tried to take a quantitative approach to describe subtypes of BPD. The research on the topic paints a more complicated picture. Research on Subtypes The research on the existence of subtypes of BPD is mixed. Some research studies have found that BPD can be treated as a unified diagnostic entity without the presence of clear subtypes. But other studies have identified some subtypes of BPD. One study, which examined types of borderline personalities based on patterns of co-occurring personality problems, identified three subtypes of BPD that map onto the three clusters of personality disorders in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders: Cluster A, Cluster B, and Cluster C. Those in the Cluster A subgroup tended to engage in more paranoid thinking and eccentric behavior, those in B tended to have more dramatic or arrogant personalities, and those in C tended to be more fearful. Another study that examined BPD subtypes in adolescent boys and girls with BPD found reliable subtypes in girls, but not boys. Girls with BPD tended to fall into one of the following categories: high-functioning internalizing, depressive internalizing, histrionic  and angry externalizing. A third study found three BPD subtypes: withdrawnâ€"internalizing, severely disturbedâ€"internalizing and anxiousâ€"externalizing.?? Interestingly, these last two studies suggest that the distinctions between internalizing versus externalizing symptoms and high versus low functioning may be an important one in BPD, and may in part validate some of the popular psychology literature on the topic. Because of the inconsistencies in the research literature, much more study is needed on this topic. BPD Treatment Implications At least one study has found that individuals with different presentations of BPD may respond differently to treatment. In this study, individuals from the severely disturbed-internalizing subtype did not see symptom improvement with treatment, whereas those in the anxious-externalizing and withdrawn-internalizing subtypes did.?? This suggests that the prognosis for BPD may be different depending on the subtype that an individual belongs to. However, much more research is needed before we can say anything definitive about differential treatment response. 6 Common Myths About Borderline Personality Disorder

Describe theories relating to personality and how they...

There are varying theories relating to personality, with each theory giving a different viewpoint on how personality affects sporting performance. One of these theories is the Trait Theory (Eysenck) which originally stated that there were only two personality types (introvert and extrovert) but over time realised that this limited the theory and introduced two more personality traits (stable and neurotic). Each one of these personality types has its own unique affect on a sports performance. An introvert for example is seen to be shy and tends to choose a solo sport, and this sport is likely to be one that contains small muscle movements such as darts. This personality trait would affect sporting performance if the performer was†¦show more content†¦This theory can lead to both positive and negative affects on a sports performance. For example a sports performer who watches a more experienced player may copy the approach taken by the more experienced player possibly leading to an eventual improvement in his or her own level of skill. This can also be spun on its head though, if a performer is watching (football for example) and witnesses a player successfully dive this might cause the performer to try and replicate this negative action leading to a decline in performance. One final theory relating to personality is the interactionist theory; this theory states that personality has three levels that interact to form an individual’s personality and is based on the work of Hollander (1967). This theory describes how a person’s typical responses change according to varying environmental situations, therefore meaning behaviour becomes unpredictable. This theory also explains why a performers personality can change depending on the situation they’re placed in. When combined with Eysenck’s trait theory this becomes easier to explain how personality affects sports performance. An example of this would be that a person in day to day life could be seen as introverted, but when they partake in sport their traits can change and they can become and extrovert based on the situation they are place in e.g. a footballShow MoreRelatedStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 Pages0-13-283487-1 ISBN 13: 978-0-13-283487-2 Brief Contents Preface xxii 1 2 Introduction 1 What Is Organizational Behavior? 3 The Individual 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Diversity in Organizations 39 Attitudes and Job Satisfaction 69 Emotions and Moods 97 Personality and Values 131 Perception and Individual Decision Making 165 Motivation Concepts 201 Motivation: From Concepts to Applications 239 3 The Group 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Foundations of Group Behavior 271 Understanding Work Teams 307 CommunicationRead MoreBrand Building Blocks96400 Words   |  386 Pagesto build brands are shown in the figure above. The first, pressure to compete on price, directly affects the motivation to build brands. The second reason, the proliferation of competitors, reduces the positioning options available and makes implementation less effective. 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Review Of Yann Martel s Life Of Pi Essay - 1337 Words

GradeSaver: Getting you the grade Search GradeSaver Study Guides Q A Lesson Plans Essay Editing Services Literature Essays College Application Essays Textbook Answers Writing Help LOG IN HomeStudy GuidesLife of PiLife of Pi Summary Life of Pi Study Guide Life of Pi by Yann Martel Buy Study Guide Life of Pi Summary Life of Pi tells the fantastical story of Pi Patel, a sixteen-year-old South Indian boy who survives at sea with a tiger for 227 days. Pi, born Piscine Molitor Patel, grows up in the South Indian city of Pondicherry, where his father runs the zoo. A precocious and intelligent boy, by the age of fifteen Pi—Hindu from an early age—has also adopted Christianity and Islam, and considers himself a pious devotee to all three religions. Thanks to government upheaval that has long been distressing Pi’s father, the Patels decide to close the Pondicherry Zoo and move to Canada when Pi is sixteen. Pi, his mother, father, and brother Ravi all board the Tsimtsum along with the zoo’s animal inhabitants (who are on their way to be sold around the world). An unexplained event causes the Tsimtsum to sink, and Pi is the only human to make it onto the lifeboat and survive. Along with Pi, the lifeboat contains a hyena, a zebra, Orange Juice the orangutan, and Richard Parker the tiger. The hyena kills and devours both the zebra and Orange Juice, before Richard Parker kills the hyena. Pi is left alone on a lifeboat with an adult male tiger. There is no land in sight and theShow MoreRelatedReview Of Yann Martel s Life Of Pi1277 Words   |  6 Pagesand conquer, others succumb to the opposing force, and some learn to live alongside it. Life of Pi, written by Yann Martel, illustrates the significance of internal struggle and awakening as paralleled to its external counterparts through the voice of boy enduring intense trials of both mind and body. A multi-cultural, educated zookeeper’s son, Piscine Molitar Patel, narrates Life of Pi. The reader observes Pi, transform from a worldly, sensible human being to a bestial animal ravaged by the mercilessRead MoreSummary Of The By Yann Martel s 1628 Words   |  7 Pagesadvantages as well as disadvantages. In Yann Martel’s novel, the story’s protagonist, Piscine Patel, is a religious follower of three religions, who strongly believes that religion is essential to having a sense of imagination and that lack of faith leads to mere rationalism. Pi is a young man who survives 227 days adrift in the Pacific Ocean with a Bengal tiger, through the help of his trust and adherence to religion. Without faith in religion and G-d, Pi would not have been able to survive the

Poca Snack Free Essays

POCA SNACK – PEPSI CO Pepsi Co, established about 100 years ago, is the owner of the Poca brand and one of the largest companies in the world, having a significant variety of carbonated, non-carbonated beverages, salty sweet and gain-based snack and other food which are available in more than 200 countries. PepsiCo Vietnam was established in 1991 (IBC) under the form of a joint-venture company, and became owned wholly by foreign businessmen in 2000, with a great many investments and supports from PepsiCo Global. Along with the success of Lay’s snack brand name all over the world, PepsiCo is on the way to build a new snack brand, Poca, with a view to becoming popularly recognized in not only Vietnam but also overseas markets in the long run. We will write a custom essay sample on Poca Snack or any similar topic only for you Order Now Although Poca brand has been established in Vietnam nearly for four years, it is ranking now in the top three leading snack companies (The Market Newspaper 2008). Until now, Poca has 20 flavors with various package sizes from 10 to 60g. Although Poca brand is now very popular and has had a large market share in the market for snack they still have some limitations. Firstly, as being a comparatively new entrant with recently launched products, Poca has to compete with a great number of big and long-standing well-known opponents, such as Oishi, Pringles, Kinh Do. Almost Vietnamese customers are used to those famous brands so they do not care much about Pepsi Co snack – Poca. Secondly, most people think that snack is unhealthy food. Therefore, many parents do not allow their child to eat snacks. Moreover, Poca also contain small amounts of cholesterol, animal fat, sodium which are well-known as unhealthy substances. Last but not least, natural factors such as water, soil or weather play a very important role in growing potatoes and wheat, so if there are some changes on one of them, it could effect to the productivity of the whole industry. In addition, each year Vietnam often face with many disasters such as storms or typhoons. Therefore, Poca sometimes faces shortage of main raw material and it leads to large amount of backlogs. There are some suggestions to deal with Poca brand’s limitations. Poca brand should intensify the natural nutrition such as anti-inflammatory, omega 3, aliphatic acid, and oleocanthal and minimize the unhealthy ingredients like cholesterol, animal fat, sodium and artificial substances. Besides, they can change the packing materials from plastics into Bio-Plastics packages – which automatically disintegrate into carbon dioxide, water, and biological substances under the natural condition. It will encourage people to buy Poca instead of other snack brand to protect the environment. Moreover, the whole industry has to be aware about the weather in Vietnam in order to avoid shortage of main raw material. They should have careful planning and well weather prediction. Furthermore, there should be more promotions to attract the customers. For example, the company sometimes holds parties or concerts with the performance of the brand’s representatives – famous stars, they can give out some discount programs to attract more consumers. Additionally, the company should increase more flavors for recent products. They should give out the surveys among their target customers to determine the favorite flavors for the upcoming products. As Poca develops new competitive and unique flavors, it can compete with other famous competitors such as Kinh Do Barkery or Bibica. INTRODUCTION . Saigon Cosmetics Corporation (SCC) is officially established in 01/01/1987 and became a share holding company in 01/01/2000. The company specializes in manufacturing and distributing perfume. Besides, the company also produces shampoo, shower gel and soap. Before 1990, the market of SCC is only local. In 1990, the first foreign markets were the Soviet Union and the Eastern European Bloc countries. Since then, the business has developed greatly, and now been it is aiming for international markets such as the US and UK. In addition, the company completed and put into use a new factory of 18ha area at Cat Lai Industry zone, District 2, HCMC in 2004. , Miss Saigon Elegance is a high quality product of the company which has a unique shape of a Vietnamese girl wearing an â€Å"Ao dai† and a conical hat. Since the year 2007, SCC has started investing in new stores to sell its products. At present, SCC has 13 stores in all over Vietnam. Many of the stores are located in big department stores/supermarkets in Ho Chi Minh City – the most developed city of Vietnam. Moreover, there is a showroom in Phu My Hung – a new and wealthy district in HCMC. Besides, SCC products are also sold at other general retail shops. * The company aims to build its brand into a internationally competitive one, make it to the world-class level. This will face with tremendous difficulties as there are top brands in the world that has perfume product; e. g: Calvin Klein, Chanel, Cartier, Hugo Boss, Giorgio Armani, etc. Products at medium cost may make the customer wonder about the quality of the products as comparing to other brands of perfume. Vietnamese customers are in favor with foreign brands rather than the local brands. Perfume in general is luxury product, which are usually sold at high price. * To provide customers with high-quality products, the company imports materials from French. Moreover, the company is in associate with Liz Claiborne cosmetics for manufacturing technology and quality assurance counseling. Most of the materials for the products are imported. This results in import tax and transportation cost that cut down on the company’s profit. Access to raw materials is limited There are counterfeit products of Miss Saigon Elegance perfume that have been found in some South East Asian countries. This threatens to take over part of the company’s profit and harm the customers’ health and therefore, damage the brand image. Recruit skilled employees to make sure that products have good quality. Associate with other well-known brand such as Ponds to make a bundle of perfume and body care to attract more customers. ST strategies * Mass invest in promotion to get customers’ attention and increase sales. * Build up a good system to communicate with customers to keep them and attract new customers as well. | WT strategies * Diversify pr oducts to set different prices for different target customers. Try to promote the products in more areas with attractive advertisements. | SO strategies * Develop the company’s website for customers to be able to buy product online. * Research the market in Vietnam as well as foreign markets to improve the quality of the products to meet customers’ satisfaction. | WO strategies * Recruit skilled employees to make sure that products have good quality. * Associate with other well-known brand such as Ponds to make a bundle of perfume and body care to attract more customers. * Invest more in promotion for our products and try to have more customers from not only the market in Vietnam but also in other countries. * Maintain the relationship with the customers by building a good membership system which allows discount to customers who have silver and gold membership card. * Product Mix Pricing Strategies: SCC has many kinds of products which has different appropriate prices for the customers. The products range from average quality product to high quality product. This means that the company is using product line pricing to set different prices based on the different quality of the products * Price-Adjustment Strategies: * Psychological Pricing: because customers tend to judge a product’s quality based on the price – higher price means better quality – so we set a fairly high price that is compatible with the value of the products. * Product-bundle pricing: the product line of Miss Saigon Elegance contains two kinds of fragrance: N1 and N2. When buying both fragrances, instead of paying 500,000VND, customers will have to pay 450,000 only. We suggest other bundles, for example, when buying a bottle of Miss Saigon Elegance (250,000VND) and Miss Vietnam (180,000VND), customers only have to pay 399,000VND instead of 430,000VND. * the company should have salespeople to push its products to the customers. With this strategy, word-of-mouth can be excellent in helping people recognize and remember the products as well as the company. * On occasions like Christmas Eve, Women’s Day, New Year, Company birthday etc. customers can have a small extra 5ml bottle of Cindy perfume when buying a 75ml Miss Saigon Elegance or 20% discount on all product. How to cite Poca Snack, Essay examples

Infectious Disease Prevention and Contr Essay Example

Infectious Disease Prevention and Contr Essay Required Preparation: Read the textbook; review the power points before class. Read the assigned article, and be ready to discuss it in a group. Learning Objectives: 1. Review principles related to the occurrence and transmission of infection and infectious diseases. 2. Describe the chain of transmission of infectious diseases. 3. Apply the chain of transmission to describing approaches to controlling infectious disease. 4. Review types of immunity, including herd immunity. 5. Review principles of immunization and specify the immunization recommended for all age  groups in the United States. 6. Describe the legal responsibility for control of communicable diseases in the United States. 7. Describe the chain of transmission and control for priority infectious disease. 8. Identify nursing activities for control of infectious diseases at primary, secondary, and tertiary levels of prevention. 9. Review principles related to the occurrence and transmission of infection and infectious diseases. Key Terms: Knowing these terms will help you understand the concepts of this topic. communicable disease isolation mass screening mode of transmission  zoonoses incubation period nosocomial infection outbreak endemic epidemic pandemic cross-immunity Materials Needed for Class: This packet Today’s Activities: Lecture, group work with case studies Study Questions: Talk about the previous perspectives in communicable diseases. What happened in the last century to increase positive outcomes in community health? Talk about transmission of communicable diseases. Transmission depends on the successful interaction of three factors. What are they? What are the four main categories of infections agents that can cause infection? We will write a custom essay sample on Infectious Disease Prevention and Contr specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Infectious Disease Prevention and Contr specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Infectious Disease Prevention and Contr specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Discuss the modes of transmission. What are the three examples of disease spectrum? How are communicable diseases tracked? What about emerging infectious diseases? What are some examples—and what was done about it? How are communicable diseases prevented and controlled? What is the role of the nurse? Talk about agents of bioterrorism. How are anthrax and smallpox contracted? Treated? How do they present? Vaccines are one of the most effective methods of preventing and controlling communicable diseases. What are these diseases? How do they present? How are they treated? Food infection results from bacteria or viral or parasitic infection of food. Name some food- borne illnesses. What are food intoxications? Vector-borne diseases are transmitted by vectors. How are they treated? Prevented? Zoonosis is an infection transmitted from a vertebrate animal to a human. How is this prevented? Treated? Talk about hospital-acquired infections and universal precautions. Discuss disease surveillance. What are the uses? Purposes? Data sources? What are nationally notifiable diseases? State notifiable diseases? What is the system used for  this report mechanism? Discussion Questions: 1. Your college roommate went to bed not feeling well one night and early the next morning you had trouble arousing her. She was rushed to the hospital just in time to be effectively diagnoses and treated for meningococcal meningitis. The health department recommends immediate antibiotic treatment for everyone that was in close contact with your roommate. They set up a process to watch for additional cases to be sure an outbreak is not in progress. Fortunately, no more cases occur. You ask yourself: should your college require that all  freshmen have the meningococcal vaccine before they can register for classes? 2. As a health advisor to a worldwide HIV/AIDS foundation, you are asked to advise on ways to address the HIV and developing tuberculosis epidemics. You are asked to do some long- range thinking and to come up with a list of potential approaches to control the epidemics, or at least ways reduce the development of TB. The first recommendation to make is to forget about eradicating HIV/AIDS. How did you come to that conclusion? 3. Your hometown of 100,000 is faced with a crisis as an airplane lands containing a  passenger thought to have a new form of severe influenza that has recently gained the ability to spread from person to person through airborne spread. As the mayor of the city, what do you decide to do? 4. You are a principal at a local high school. One of your top athletes is in the hospital with a spreading bacterial infection due to a staphylococcus bacteria resistant to all known antibiotics. The infection occurred after what appeared to be a minor injury during practice. As the principal, what do you decide to do? Case Study # 1: A local university does not require proof of immunization from incoming students. The university administration is afraid that requiring evidence of immunization will deter students from registering for courses. How might you go about convincing the administration that immunization status should be validated before students are allowed to register? You believe that all college students should receive a meningitis vaccination prior to enrolling. What do you believe would work better: 1) requiring the immunization before the student arrives at the college or 2) providing vaccinations to students upon arrival at college? Case Study # 2: A Communicable Disease  Jane is an 18-year-old college student. She lives in the dorm with her roommate, Sally. Shortly after Jane returned from Christmas vacation, she developed a fever and a rash. She didn’t feel too bad, but Sally persuaded her to see a doctor. Because it was Saturday, Jane went to the emergency department (ED) of the local hospital. The physician there made a diagnosis of rubella. Later that night, he and the nurses in the ED became very busy with victims of a multi vehicle accident. As a result, no one completed the health department form reporting Jane’s rubella until 2 days later. By the time a community health nurse contacted Jane to complete a rubella case report, Sally and several other girls in Jane’s dorm had also developed rubella. Sally gave it to her boyfriend, who exposed those in his classes. One of the women in his English class is pregnant. Based on the information presented in the case description, what biophysical, psychological, physical environmental, sociocultural, behavioral, and health system factors are operating in this situation? What additional factors in these dimensions might influence the situation? How might you assess for the presence or absence of these factors? What primary preventive measures could have been employed to prevent this situation? What primary prevention measures are appropriate at this point? What secondary and tertiary measures by the community health nurse are appropriate at this time? What roles will the community health nurse perform in dealing with this situation? What other public health personnel might the community health nurse collaborate with in addressing the situation? How would you evaluate the effectiveness of interventions in this situation?

Building a Marketing Budget How much is too much or too little

Building a Marketing Budget How much is too much or too little Often, I’m asked The reason behind the research is two-fold. One, it allows you to know the cost needed to reach your intended audience. Two, should you need to cut your budget, you can make an informed decision. One marketing piece every writer should have is a website. It’s a must! Aside from a website and the costs for keeping it reliably hosted, you may also want to consider researching the costs for the following: Advertisement placement (print, digital, or both) Advertisement creation Listing in BookBub, if book is free or discounted. Contest prizes for readers Author photos Travel Book Trailers Book release parties Freelance publicity (publicist) services Virtual assistant fees Promotional items (bookmarks, pens, giveaways, et al) Social Media (boosting posts, sponsored tweets, advertising) Fan club/ Street team rewards and supplies Mailing/Shipping A rule of thumb when building a budget is to research all of the costs for the above items you intend to use. Add them together. Then add an additional 20 percent to the total. The added percentage will allow for and offset unexpected expenditures. Researching any and all free places to promote is to your advantage and can help you defer money to other line items in your marketing budget. Some ideas for free promotion are: Create a hashtag on Twitter for your book Upload a chapter of your book to Wattpad Encourage friends, fans and readers to post reviews online Leave your book name/website address on all voicemail and email messages Offer to   meet with book clubs via Skype Solicit radio show interviews Create and submit press releases to local newspapers Celebrate your release with a Facebook party (ask fellow authors to join in) Submit articles to writers’ associations Submit for a listing on addictedtoebooks.com If this book is currently available for free, submit the book to be featured on Free Book Friday and/ or fill out the submission form for a free listing on Digital Book Today. No matter which promotional efforts you choose to promote your book, try to focus on discoverability rather than sales. When readers discover you, read your work and like it, they are more apt to tell their friends there

Top Challenges Faced by Administrative Assistants

Top Challenges Faced by Administrative Assistants Heres the bottom line- great administrative assistants can be effective, invaluable employees in whatever work settings they find themselves in.Why? Because they’re aware of the most common challenges that they’ll likely face at work and come equipped with the tools needed to overcome them. Here are  the 12 challenges that administrative assistants often face.Administrative assistants are no strangers to difficult personalities. From tough bosses to prickly coworkers and touchy clients and everyone in between, good assistants can survive any personality crisis- while great assistants conquer and thrive by using their cool heads and witty charm. Another hurdle is dealing with the perception that this is a low-level position. The truth is, administrative assistants are often experienced, highly capable professionals who sometimes have to fight for the respect they deserve. Just because they are often expected to clean up other people’s messes around the office (a nother challenge), doesn’t mean they’re only capable of throwing out the garbage.Administrative assistants also have to face the perception that they exist to fix any office problem that arises under the sun. Leaky faucet? Broken copier? Roaches in the office kitchen? A great assistant often has to face the fact that their bosses might rely on them for every little thing. This also includes three other hurdles- being expected to know everything- even small details of conversations they aren’t part of, being blamed for anything that goes wrong, and always being expected to be available. A great administrative assistant knows that he or she will likely have to deal with and overcome these hurdles, while showing grace under pressure.Another result of being an indispensible â€Å"go-to† person around the office is the expectation that coworkers and bosses can go to you for help at any time. This means that their privacy is often encroached upon and their desk s are often used freely by all manner of office traffic. These two hurdles can be tough to deal with, but great administrative assistants figure out strategic ways for handling these in stride.When the work piles up, administrative assistants are often expected to roll up their sleeves and do whatever it takes to get the job done.This often means forgoing things like lunch breaks or afternoon stretches. When you’re stuck at your desk, a lack of physical activity can be a real challenge, but a worthy administrative assistant can figure it out. Furthermore, the level of public exposure and involvement administrative assistants often have around the office sometimes means that they’re the butt of office jokes, underappreciated, and underpaid- all tough challenges that great administrative assistants find a way around or through.Get to know these 12 common hurdles, be prepared, overcome them, and be the killer administrative assistant that your boss dreams about.

Integrated Project Management Tools Research Paper

Integrated Project Management Tools - Research Paper Example At the project’s starting stage, the project is explicitly and clearly defined. The scope of the project and its purpose are defined, and a benchmark for the expected final product is set. The time and resources required for completion of the project are allotted. Resolving problems encountered during the project and controlling the product quality are the main activities of a project’s control stage (Bainey, 2004). This stage oversees the completion of most of the work, and it is during this stage that most of the project’s time is consumed. The project’s closure level involves officially ending the project and providing any useful tips applicable to other projects. Any outstanding work that requires completion is done in this stage. The Project Manager is responsible for managing the basic factors of a project simultaneously; these include time, scope, resources, and money (Schwalbe, 2010). These four elements work hand in hand, and for the project to be a success, these elements must be managed together. In a bed and breakfast project, the resources include equipment, funding, people, facilities, or materials. Management Tools Work Authorization System This is a method used in hand with project management. The project manager together with his designees uses the work authorization system to sanction all project work during a project management. Work authorization procedures show the person responsible for authorizing activities to be completed and how those authorizations may be achieved (Schwalbe, 2010). These procedures include documents that must be filled before initializing any work, and the possibilities of any prerequisites. In order to facilitate the efficiency of project management in bigger projects, work authorization systems detail the timeline of the project. For example, the work authorization system might show when some parts of the project should end, by whom and in which order (Bainey, 2004). For a bed and breakfa st project to be successful, work authorization is an effective tool. Project Status Report It is a regular, official report on a project progress against the plan of the project. Its purpose is to efficiently and effectively communicate the project status at regular intervals. In addition, it can be utilized in providing a documented history of a project. Objectives of a status report include communication of the project progress, simplifying the mode of collecting and distributing project information, improving passing of information within the project, and improving organizational support of the project. A good, consistent project status report prevents a project from missing completion deadlines by keeping the project on the early-start and early-finish schedule. Being alert of the start and completion dates during a project increases the chances for the project being successful. A project status reporting is a function that is performed throughout the project (Barkley, 2006). S cheduling System A scheduling system is a form of a tool used to build an integrated project management system. A good scheduling system should aid in achieving the best end results in a bed and breakfast project. The project manager should ensure that the scheduling system

Money Laundering and corruption Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Money Laundering and corruption - Essay Example Another important aspect of Money Laundering is that it is ipso facto illegal i.e. the acts that produce the money are always criminal in one or the other. Now in simple words when some criminal activity generates great and heavy and huge amount of profits then that particular group of people involved must think of a way to take care of the funds without gaining attention. Criminals control their large amount of funds by not telling the correct source, moving the money to a place where they won’t get any attention and some even change the format. Criminals move their money between various banks, financial instruments and they keep on changing the size and shape of their holdings by using distinct currencies and also by accumulating to and subtracting from their funds so that it becomes more difficult and extremely hard to identify. Money laundering is basically an intimidation to the better functioning of our financial system and at the same time it can also be regarded as the Achilles heel of the criminal activities.(Web: Fatfagi) It is a widely known fact that Money Laundering is prevalent and unavoidable in Europe. The EU (European Union) which is a political and an economic union has 27 countries which are located primarily in Europe. Now corruption and Money Laundering is at the highest level in Europe. To control this, the EU has come up with various policies, law and regulations but to no use.   For example there is FATF (The Financial Action Task Force) which is an intergovernmental group. It issued a list of countries recently who fail to keep a track of the financial crime. Then there is MONEYVAL which was previously known as PC-R-EV. This basically was established to perform assessment exercises (both self and mutual) of the money laundering activities in Europe. It also reviews the procedures of The Financial Action Task Force. There is a

History of Computers :: Computers Technology Technological Essays

History of Computers It all began on a brisk, damp October evening in the year nineteen hundred and ninety-nine. All was silent in the household except for the incessant whistling of the tea kettle on the kitchen stove. Oh, and how can I forget the humming of the lawnmower in the backyard. I had just arrived home from band practice when the doorbell rang. Anxious to see if it was for me, I raced down the stairs in hopes that I had received a package, or perhaps flowers, from a boy. My mother answered the door and before my eyes, the largest box ever known to man was placed on the living room floor; it was our very first computer. Somehow I had forgotten that my mother had ordered one for the family only weeks before, and suddenly, caught up in the heat of the moment, my hopes of flowers from that boy in school vanished. Excitement and enthusiasm to put on my scuba gear and surf the web overwhelmed me within no time at all. I couldnÏ€t wait any longer to open the box and assemble th is new piece of machinery or to type my first paper using Microsoft Word or talk to my best friends via America Online. I felt on top of the worldà ¤no, waità ¤on top of the World Wide Web. (Cha-ching!) My parents amassed (emphasis on massà ¤haha) the computer in a half hour, and immediately after supper, I clicked on the icon displaying America Online. Without any hassles, I set up a screen name for myself and began talking to my friends. Naturally, I had no idea what I was doing, not even how to speak to more than one person at a time. Everything was going as smooth as possible; the computer was up and running and the family was content with the dayÏ€s accomplishments. Just when I thought I had it made-in-the-shade J, the computer started going haywire on me. It kicked me offline, the screen went blank, and the entire intricate system crapped out on me. The first thought that entered my head was, Oh snap! The world is crashing down on me I rushed to find my parents to fix the problem, but it was too lateà ¤the computer was gone, or at least I thought it was.

The Ethics of the American Invasion of Iraq

The American invasion of Iraq in 2003 is certainly one of the more controversial foreign policy initiatives of the 21st century. The general facts surrounding this event are clear: on the 20th day of May 2003, the United States, with support from Great Britain and a host of other western nations, invaded Iraq in response to intelligence reports of weapons of mass destruction. Up until May 1, 2003, these forces fought to successfully topple the regime of Saddam Hussein and to usher in a new era for the Iraqi people and the Iraqi nation.However, these facts were not the main source of tension that this military imperative created; instead, the ethical implications behind the invasion and the debates concerning the reasons for entering the war are what have sparked protest, of which most notably has been the record-breaking anti-war rally in Rome one month before the invasion. Unfortunately the debate is too often discussed in terms of consequences alone.On one side the pro-war supporte rs have cited the need to protect America from further attacks, to stave off nuclear holocaust and to remove a maniacal dictator from power, while on the other side anti-war protesters have argued that the invasion costs far too many innocent American as well as Iraqi lives. Of course, in our ethical discourse we cannot ignore consequences, but along with consequences we must also consider principles. Therefore, in this essay, I will look at the ethics of the American invasion of Iraq through the lens of Kantian ethics.I will begin with a discussion of Kant’s theory and move from this to argue against the invasion based on Kant’s first maxim of the categorical imperative. Kant’s ethical theory is deontological in that it does not focus primarily on consequences, but first and foremost on principles. These principles he forms from practical human reason and the moral principle that he names the categorical imperative. In its two forms this imperative offers a uni versal ethic that all rational human beings in all ages and from all cultural backgrounds should be able to recognize.The first maxim deals with the universalizing of human behaviour: â€Å"Act only on that maxim which you can at the same time will to be a universal law† (Kant, [1785] 1948, p. 421). The purpose of this maxim is simple in that it forces the moral agent to take his or her actions as implying a universal code. For example, if a moral agent is considering telling a lie because it will prove beneficial to him or her in that situation, he or she must consider that if all other moral agents told lies in the same situations then any society based on a basic level of trust and truth would inevitably collapse.One person’s ethic universalized would destroy an entire social structure. In other words, Kant challenges the ethical person not to make an exception of him or herself. The second maxim deals with the way in which other human beings are to relate to other human beings. Kant states, â€Å"treat humanity†¦never simply as a means, but always at the same time as an ends† (Kant, [1785] 1948, p. 429). People should always be treated as the final goal of our moral actions and not merely the way in which we realize other personal agendas.Although both of these maxims may lend important ethical insights to a discussion on the invasion in Iraq, the first maxim offers a far more concrete model in which to discuss the invasion and therefore we apply it alone. There are many criticisms against the invasion into Iraq, but I will focus on three specific criticisms: insufficient evidence for the invasion, going beyond the United Nations, and the use of military force over diplomacy. Firstly, as admitted by the C. I. A in 2005 and verified by the invasion itself, the claim that Saddam Hussein had weapons of mass destruction was a weak—or even false—reason for going to war.It seems, therefore, that the U. S. was simply taking far too drastic steps without proper research. If we were to universalize this practice, the world would be faced with a terrible increase in violence and war. Not only would enemies attack one another on good suspicions, but even allies would be lead to attack one another based on the weak suspicion that each country may have bad intentions toward the other. This type of global policy is not acceptable for a single nation, and this is made perfectly clear in the fact that it cannot be responsibly universalized.Secondly, the U. S. went above the recommendations of the U. N. and acted out of line with the U. N. ’s policy. In this respect, according to the definition of Kofi Annan and the U. N. Security Council, the invasion of Iraq was technically illegal. If we again apply Kant’s universalizing maxim to the U. S. ’s behavior we have another strong criticism of the invasion. The U. N. was expressly created by the consent of most of the countries of the world as a sovereign power that would be allowed to resolved global conflict between nations.As Thomas Hobbes points out in his Leviathan, any individual or group that submits to a sovereign has the responsibility to accept the judgments of that power. The U. S. , in its flagrant disregard of the U. N. ’s policy, clearly did not respect the power of the sovereign and in this way set a dangerous precedent for unilateral military action. If the entire world were to universalize this ethic there would remain no authority in the world and all nations would return to the brutal Hobbesian state of nature. Lastly, the U. S.’s decision to invade made a clear statement that military action is preferable to the diplomatic option. For any civilized society, war must always be the last option, if it is to be used at all. Many supporters of the invasion may claim that the Bush administration had no other option, but it is clear that the administration did not do nearly as much diplomacy as it could have. Other nations should have been included in the process and negotiations should have been more controlled within the influence of the U. N. If we universalize the U. S.’s action to go to war before pushing for diplomacy, the diplomatic option in the world would collapse. In this sense, there would be little hope of peaceful solutions to inter-national conflicts, but instead a future of pre-empted strikes and quick invasions. If this would indeed become the case, the world would need far more than Kantian ethics to save it from its inevitable decline. References Hobbes, Thomas (2006). Leviathan. New York: Dover Publications, Incorporated. Kant, Immanuel (1948). Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals. (H. J. Paton, Trans. ). London: Hutchinson.(Original work published 1785, and published in a collection in 1903; page references to this edition). Kant, Immanuel (1836). The Metaphysics of Ethics. (John William Semple, Trans. ). Edinburgh: Thomas Clark. (Original wo rk published 1785). Paton, Herbert James. (1971). The Categorical Imperative: A Study in Kant’s Moral Philosophy. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. Ross, Dennis. (2008). Statecraft: And How to Restore America’s Standing in the World. New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux. Steel, Jonathan. (2008). Defeat: Why America and Britain Lost Iraq. Berkeley: Counterpoint.

Yu Chen And The White Man Behind The Poem Essay - 1489 Words

Yu-Chen and the White man behind the poem. A very interesting topic, the article focuses on a white man s journey to publication in which he has to fake his name in order to have his poem receive recognition. Does the color of your skin matter? In what ways are the life experiences of an Asian American man more fascinating than a white American? Is the poem any good or is it just the writer s image that is worth anything? Option d: Ulitaritism What should I do? According to Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill we should live for pleasure because it is good. Good equals pleasure. Maximizing the good for the greatest amount of good for the greatest number. Also, it was said that under this philosophy that everyone s good is worth the same and it is all equal to another person s good. Yu-Chen s poem, published as Yu-Chen, was published with the greatest amount of good possible. By using an Asian name he drew attention to the Asian American community and that is good, right? But he is a white man and did it solely for his pleasure, and to see if he could. What he did wasn t illegal, it wasn t wrong but it bothered everyone because he was a privilegalled white man using an underprivileged name to get attention. This action shows the hypocriacy of judging someone on their lineage. Yes, this is American and a lot of things were done under the assumption that it was for the greatest good of the country, but n ot everything. Most every family in nation was theShow MoreRelatedComparative Study of Pakistan Chinese Cultures13385 Words   |  54 Pages† and when Culture in this sense is the unstated rules by which was warned not to speak to women on the street or in other places of potential casual contact. country wear long loose white robes and red checkered head scarves. The scarves are different one from the other, with each indicating which tribe the man belongs to. Women wear long black robes, some covering their entire faces. One can see them standing looking in shop windows that display colorful Italian women’s evening gowns, whichRead MoreConfucianism in Journey to the West31834 Words   |  128 Pagesposition is that media do indeed influence viewers behavior.[28] Television programs are thus most likely produced and assessed with this notion in mind. Therefore, regardless of whether this view is correct or incorrect, a study on the intentions behind the Journey to the West drama series makes sense. 3. Background 3.1. China’s Media Reform Understanding China’s media landscape and the changes it has undergone, is essential for comprehending Journey to the West. 3.1.1. From Class Struggle toRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesUniversity William J. White, Northwestern University David Whitlock, Southwest Baptist University Dan Wiljanen, Grand Valley State University Dean Williamson, Brewton-Parker College Hilda Williamson, Hampton University Alice Wilson, Cedar Crest College Barry Wisdom, Southeast Missouri State University Craig Wishart, Fayetteville State University Laura Wolfe, Louisiana State University Melody Wollan, Eastern Illinois University Evan Wood, Taylor University Fort Wayne Chun-Sheng Yu, University of HoustonVictoria

Novartis International Ag - Company Profile - 3015 Words

TABLE OF CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION 1 II. COMPANY HISTORY 1 III. CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICER 2 IV. MAJOR PRODUCTS 3 V. MAJOR COMPETITORS 5 VI. SALES HISTORY 6 VII. MAJOR FACTORS AFFECTING INVESTMENT POTENTIAL 7 VIII. STOCK PRICE DATA AND INVESTMENT ANALYSIS 8 IX. CONCLUSIONS RECOMMENDATIONS 10 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This company profile provides a preliminary investigation and analysis of Novartis International AG, a multinational pharmaceutical company based in Basel, Switzerland. Novartis is one of ten companies the Investment Board will consider for further in-depth research for a multimillion-dollar investment. Novartis was created in 1996 from the merger of two Swiss-based chemical/life sciences giants;†¦show more content†¦Additionally in 2003, Novartis acquired the worldwide adult medical nutrition business of Mead Johnson Company, a subsidiary of Bristol-Myers Squibb. In 2004, Novartis acquired two generics companies: the Danish company Durasacan A/S from AstraZeneca plc and Sabex Holdings Ltd of Canada. In 2005, Novartis acquired Hexal AG and Eon Labs, creating the world leader in generics. Additionally in 2005, Novartis acquired North American OTC brand portfolio from Bristol-Myers Squibb, and divested its Nutrition Santà © unit. In 2006, Novartis acquired the California-based Chiron Corporation. As of April of this year, Novartis is reportedly selling off its non-healthcare businesses to Nestlà © who has agreed to purchase Novartis medical nutrition business for $2.5 billion and its Gerber baby products business for $5.5 billion. Currently, Novartis is comprised of four business divisions: pharmaceuticals, vaccines and diagnostics, Sandoz Generics, and consumer health. The company’s mission is to discover, develop and successfully market innovative products to prevent and cure diseases, to ease suffering and to enhance the quality of life. III. CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICER Dr. Daniel Vasella is Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of Novartis. He was appointed Chairman in 1999 and has served as CEO and executive member of the Board of Directors since the merger that created Novartis in 1996. Dr. Vasella is also a member ofShow MoreRelatedInternational Business Systems And Porter s Diamond Model1258 Words   |  6 PagesPorter’s Diamond Model provides companies with four reliant factors that fully depend on the state of each other to achieve success within a competitive environment. However, Curran (2001) claims that Porter’s Diamond Model does not fully explain a country’s competitive advantage since only two factors provide evidence of their competitive position. The used factors are company rivalry, strategy, and factor endowments. With reference to the competitive positions of countries within major economiesRead MoreManagement Development in Ciba-Geigy Ltd. 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The Horror Of The Film About Bullying Essay - 1449 Words

The film about bullying paints a vivid picture where everybody can observe how bullies use physical aggression and verbal aggression to harass and torment their victims. The ugliness of this documentary is powerful and appalling since it displays the brutality and consequences of bullying. Watching the documentary was emotionally painful because the victims were constantly abused and neglected. Unfortunately, being harassed and tormented repeatedly will eventually cause some kids to break-down and possibly commit suicide to escape the abuse. Tyler Long’s story is touching because David Long knew his son would be victimized since he was a loner. Consequently, the Long family is suffering from the despicable acts committed against Tyler by the bullies. David Long said â€Å"it was the mental abuse and not so the physical abuse that Tyler endured† (25:02 - 25:15). When their son died, the Long’s organized a town hall meeting to bring awareness about the seriousness of bullying. The meeting had some students speak about staying out of school purposely because of the repeated bullying that goes unpunished. David Long told the school board â€Å"my voice is not going to fall silent and I will go to my grave until a difference is made† (47:06 - 47:26). The Ty Field Smalley’s story is tragic because the eleven year old committed suicide from being bullied. Although Perkins/Tryon Superintendent James Ramsey indicated that bullying was not a factor, however, his best friend, Trey WallaceShow MoreRelatedCyberbullying And Social Media Has Taken The World By Storm1276 Words   |  6 PagesSocial media has taken the world by storm, it has been used to document our social and personal lives for all our friends and family to see. Social media allows people to share something private about themselves or others with hundreds and thousands of people from all over the world. 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The characters possess different qualities about them; racial backgroundRead MoreThe Film, Elephant, Directed by by Gus Van Sant was Inspired by Real Life Events659 Words   |  3 Pages‘Elephant’ is a film directed and written by Gus Van Sant and was inspired by a real incident that took place in 1999. The term â€Å"elephant† here is taken from the phrase â€Å"Elephant in the room† which means a significant issue that people overloo k or do not resolve. The issue (elephant) here is high school shootings in America. Elephant is a serene, yet haunting experience that leaves viewers with a â€Å"spirit-crushing ennui† that images American culture (Zwick 2004). The movie tracks a handful of studentsRead MoreThe Horror Of Horror Movies Essay1617 Words   |  7 Pages A sixteen-year-old boy sits on the couch and watches a horror movie. Suddenly, a scene where a man stabs a woman emerges on the television screen. 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Anti-Social Media the Role of Technology in Creating Superficial Ties Free Essays

string(38) " of intimacy with our online friends\." ANTI-SOCIAL MEDIA: THE ROLE OF TECHNOLOGY IN CREATING SUPERFICIAL TIES INTRODUCTION: The general topic that I would like to explore is communication and relationships through social media. In particular I am interested in the way that social media affects the way that we create or maintain relationships and different identities, and if this alienates us from human understanding in relationships. This topic is connected to the concepts of online communication and personal relationships, the concept of self-disclosure and the construction of identity (Duck McMahon, 2012). We will write a custom essay sample on Anti-Social Media: the Role of Technology in Creating Superficial Ties or any similar topic only for you Order Now Is the bite-sized world of social media leading to bite-sized and unsubstantial personal relationships? This was a question I asked myself recently when looking at some of my own relationships — friendship, romantic, professional, and family alike. Social media plays a role in many of those relationships these days, and what I noticed is that it isn’t always for the better. The main academic articles I will reference are written by; Pavica Sheldon (M. M. C. , Louisiana State University), a graduate teaching assistant and Ph. D. tudent in the Department of Communication Studies at Louisiana State University, Xin-An Lu, an Associate Professor in The Department of Human Communication Studies at Shippensburg University in Pennsylvania, USA, and Sally Dunlop, a professor at University of Australia, school of public health, and her two co-authors, Eian More and Daniel Romer, both professors at the University of Pennsylvania. This paper will first outline the main points of th e aforementioned articles. I will then draw upon their themes to help answer my research questions, and I will conclude with the derivations that can be drawn. THEORY REVIEW: In the Rocky Mountain Communication Review, Sheldon (2009) looks at the motivations for the use of social media, Facebook in particular, and the difference in use between genders. She examines 260 university students across four common factors for logging onto Facebook; relationship maintenance, passing time, entertainment, and virtual community. She finds through these parameters that â€Å"Females used Facebook to maintain their relationships, to be entertained, and to pass time. Males, on the other hand, used Facebook to develop new relationships† (Sheldon 54). Specifically, she found through her focus groups that those who frequent the social networking site more are doing so out of loneliness (Sheldon 55). This links directly with Xin-An Lu’s paper published in Proteus 27 (2011). Lu takes a much broader approach; looking at the affects of social media on the creation of identity and the modern formation of non-geographical communities. Lu argues that online community helps to reduce and remove social restraints and gives the user the ability to experiment with different identities, coming together based on shared and meaning (Lu 53). However, these new text-based relationships may not have existed before and we cannot use them to replace face-to-face interactions as they are ‘media-poor’, which is defined by Lu as â€Å"possess[ing] less immediate feedback, fewer cues and channels, and weakened personalization and language variety† (Lu 52), because â€Å"relationships formed in this environment may be weak, superficial, and impoverished, as compared with those formed in [face-to-face] communication† (Lu 52). We must be wary as we read through this review of the comparisons of studies conducted years apart with different conclusions, and we must remember that technology advances at such a rate that should be taken into account when looking at conclusions of past scholars. Finally, Dunlop, More and Romer discuss the positive aspects for having an enlarged network of support, especially for adolescents who have been exposed to, or are thinking of suicide, stating that â€Å"social networking sites may provide both greater exposure to such information and also greater social support to those who obtain this information† (Dunlop et al. 078). This article, published in The Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, suggests that online forums, which are often anonymous and have no connection back to the user, are â€Å"more strongly related to increases in [suicide] ideation† (Dunlop et al. 1078) than social networking sites. Nevertheless, the study shows that social networking sites increase exposure to stories of other suicides, and increased exposure causes increased suicide ideation, and increased curiosity to research and find forums and blogs. This is important to an article discussing youth and the internet, as new innovations are taking place at an alarming rate, and there are new ways to communicate and receive information every day. This article is succinct and fact based, studying the different uses for the internet and social networking sites, and identity creation and anonymity on the World Wide Web. DISCUSSION: Communication is more than just the exchange of words, it involves a transaction between two people that results in a shared meaning and understanding (Duck and McMahon 82). This greater level of communication involves more than the sending or exchanging of symbols, but more the negotiation of the shared meaning between people based on their personal connections. A key element to creating this understanding is engaged listening which allows the listener to move beyond the words said for a greater understanding of the overall message. Usually, this involves the richness of face-to-face interaction. Online communications lack this richness due to the lack of incorporation of non-verbal communications, such as facial expressions and tone of voice, with the words being said (Duck and McMahon 228). The ease with which online communications become asynchronous cause concern for the development of understanding of social cues that are present in face to face interactions that hinder those who use the failsafe of online interaction to save face and to compensate for their own perceived shortcomings. Duck and McMahan state that online media has significantly increased the number of significant ties that people maintain, while the number of core ties remains the same. We can become so seduced by the ease of connecting with others online that we begin to think that these relationships are more intense, more committed and more complete than they really are. We run the risk of alienating the people who populate our daily lives in pursuit of intimacy with our online friends. You read "Anti-Social Media: the Role of Technology in Creating Superficial Ties" in category "Papers" Another downside of social media relationships is that we are potentially subject to emotional contagion effects, as illustrated in research by John Cacioppo, a researcher at the University of Chicago. His studies show that loneliness is transmitted via social networks. Cacioppo’s findings suggest that if a direct connection of yours is lonely, you are 52% more likely to be lonely; if the connection is a friend of a friend, 25% more lonely, if the connection is 3 degrees out (a friend of a friend of a friend), it’s 15%. While this research looked at offline social networks, it may have some implications for online social networking as well. If someone in your online social network is angry, lonely, or hostile, and takes it out on you, you are more likely to transmit this mood yourself. This means that even though you may never have met this person or interacted with them in real life, their â€Å"bad behaviour† can still influence yours. I have personally noted people interacting in mean and critical ways that, I imagine, they would find more difficult to do in real life. This is a problem, because any kind of negativity and bad manners has the possibility to multiply exponentially. The Internet is an amazing tool. Even as it is shrinking the world and brought us closer together, it is threatening to push us further apart. Like any useful tool, to make technology serve us well requires the exercise of good judgment. For whatever reason, the restraints that stop most of us from blurting out things in public we know we should not seem far weaker when our mode of communication is typing. Unfortunately, typed messages often wound even more gravely, while electronic messages of remorse have little power to heal (Lickerman). Perhaps we just do not think such messages have the same power to harm as when we say them in person. Perhaps in the heat of the moment without a physical presence to hold us back, we just do not care. Whatever the reason, it is clearly far easier for us to be meaner to one another online. CONCLUSION: Social networking websites provide tools by which people can communicate, share information, and create new relationships. With the popularity of social networking websites on the rise, our social interaction is effected in multiple ways as we adapt to our increasingly technological world. The way that web 2. 0 users interact and talk to each other has changed and continues to change. These users now socialize through the Internet and it takes away from the in person socialization that has been around forever. Social networking websites effect our social interaction by changing the way we interact face-to-face, how we receive information, and the dynamics of our social groups and friendships. Communicating through the Internet and social networking websites is quite different than communicating in person. When users communicate through these websites, they use things like IM and chatting as well as status or Twitter updates to talk to friends and express themselves. Chatting online is quick and easy and allows you to connect to an almost unlimited amount of people from all over the Earth. Although the Internet connects millions of people and allows them to chat, it changes the traditional in person conversation that is important to our social lives and friendships. This change to our social interaction is not necessarily positive or negative. The change expands the different outlets through which we can communicate and as long as we remember the importance of face-to-face contact in our social lives, we can find a healthy balance between the two. These social networking websites also affect the way we receive information and news. The sites open up different portals through which we get information and create a more diverse news outlet. Rather than reading the newspaper or hearing the news on TV, we rely on our â€Å"friends† on the sites to give us updates on the world around us. Through Facebook or Myspace statuses, posts, comments, etc. , web 2. 0 users find new information that is most likely relevant to them. These new diverse outlets lead to users discussing world news or other information on the sites and can remove the need to discuss these events in person. Another way that web 2. 0 sites affect the way we socially interact with one another is by changing the dynamics of our social groups and friendships. Social networking sites create a new model of social interaction and friendships. As people’s social circles grow, the ties of the online friendships are not always as strong as in person close friendships. Although these sites can alter the dynamics of friendships in that way, it also creates lots of new friendships and increases our social interaction. The many effects of social networking websites on our social interaction with one another can be both positive and negative, all that is sure is that there is a definite effect. We must embrace the increasing use of web 2. 0 sites and the different roles they play in our social lives. There is not really a need to focus on the positive or negative effects of these sites because whether the effects are good or bad depends upon the things in society that you value, and that is different for most every person. These sites will most likely continue to grow in popularity and continue to alter the way we socialize with one another and we must embrace it. SOURCES: Duck, Steve McMahon, David T. The Basics Of Communication: A Relational Perspective. Los Angeles: Sage 2012. Print Dunlop, S. , More, E. , Romer, D. (2011). Where do youth learn about suicides on the Internet, and what influence does this have on suicidal ideation? Journal o Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 52:10 pp 1073-1080. Landau, Elizabeth. â€Å"Loneliness Spreads In Social Networks. † CNN. 4 December 2009. Turner Broadcasting System Inc. 1 March 2012. . Lickerman, Alex. â€Å"The Effect Of Technology On Relationships. † Psychology Today. 8 June 2010. Sussex Publishers, LLC. 1 March 2012. . Lu, X. (2011) Social Networking and Virtual Community. Proteus 27, 1, 51-55 Sheldon, P. (2009). Maintain or Develop New Relationships? Gender Differences in Facebook Use. Rocky Mountain Communication Review. 6-1, 51-56. 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Frankenstein Social Construct free essay sample

Although written in the 19th century, Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein has many themes that are still relevant today. Frankenstein, though it was sparked as a simple nightmare, is depicted as a social commentary. The rules of society remain the same, despite the two hundred year difference in time. The norms were being changed over time, yet they remained to those who decided to reject the social changes. Those people are rejected from society, and hold immense hatred because of the said rejection, and that hatred morphs their person. As this happens in the novel, Frankenstein turns into the monster everyone claimed him to be. With rejection, bitterness is sure to ensue, especially as human nature makes humans very sociable creatures. Shelley makes other social remarks concerning human nature, religion vs. science, and creation that are still holding strong through the years and remain true today. As previously mentioned, the townspeople treated Adam (the name the Frankenstein monster gave himself) in such a way because he had resembled a nightmare-riddled monster, and thought they could treat him as such because his looks justified it. He looked like a monster, therefore he did not have a soul. It is something classified as dogma or a social belief: people will accept as such without a second thought. As this is human nature, one will only act a certain way towards another from their personal appearance, in example: If the person looks weak, they will be treated as such. In another example, if a young man comes across feminine in the very least way, he is branded as a homosexual and is treated as such. People do not try to expand their minds and accept others, this being one of the major distinguishing and disgusting part of. With a society that has a mixture of everything and anything, saying that something is not exactly â€Å"normal† is just a distortion, as not one person could truly know what â€Å"normal† would be like in a society. But not only is the monster in Frankenstein judged for his looks, he is also judged for coarse manner of speech and his generally unrefined character. He manages to dwell in extreme natural temperatures, and exists on a different diet. Being superior to the average human in every way except appearance, Adam is a super human. On human standards, the Adam is not attractive or even acceptable, he is considered to be deformed and is outcasted. As is correct in the given time period, the monster is persecuted on how he looks and is constantly hunted down or harassed. Appearance is one of the fastest ways to see a societal difference, be it skin colour or hair colour. Social exclusions do not just limit themselves to being based on appearance only, though. Not only was human nature depicted in Frankenstein, but creation was as well. Victor is depicted as a god-like figure to Frankenstein, as the man is his creator and appreciates him as such. Also, Frankenstein feels that he has been abandoned and turns resentful and ruthless. Victor, being his creator/parental figure and rejected him so readily, gave Adam the motives, the want to cause pain to people because he could. This is a comment on how some feel abandoned by their godlike figures or parents in one way or another. By being surrounded by a strong disapproving society, who believes that whatever God created should be marveled at in wonder and not poked, prodded, or measured in any way, It is believed that everything their God created is perfect in every way, regardless of mishap or disfiguration. Judging by the definition of creation, and the fact that Frankenstein did not have the same creator as normal society, Frankenstein is different, and obviously then ostracised. But creation is not just limited to bringing a new life into the world, but something composers, artists and writers do as well. Creation is truly a burden to carry, or can be the thought that inspires one to pursue creation. It is almost like an illness that cannot be corrected or cured. Creation is a beautiful sickness, and yet a destructive one at the same time. This sickness is the same sickness that had created breathtaking symphonies by Bach and Beethoven, and also was the same sickness that lead Anne Sexton and Kurt Cobain to their early deaths. This sickness is born again as the monster; he is also infected by it. Victor worked madly to complete his creation, the monster, only to realize what he wanted did not turn out as he planned it. He tortured the monster and the monster fled, where the monster could do the same to others as his creator did to him. It is the same concept of a parent teaching their offspring, or of a God passing down beliefs to his followers. In Frankenstein, Victor had lost his faith. With that loss of faith in religion, he pursued the science aspect, and was then despised and then rejected for it. With the large variety religion has, Victor chose to abandon them all and push for the more probable aspect of things. He pursued to push nature to its limit in a way that is frowned upon by most religious followers, although science deems that to be okay. Religion and science have always been up against one another, both sides determined to prove that they are correct. Religion has many branches, with Christianity being one very significant aspect. Christians tell the world that God is the one who had created the earth and everything that lives there, although Science tells us that it was the Big Bang which created the earth. This is a huge battle between science and religion. Christians also say that God created man and from that the population today was created. However, science will argue that it is evolution that sparked the creation of man, and that everything was once something simpler before, and it grew smarter and stronger and became what it is today. Both religion and science disagree with one another. While religion is based on of faith and has no proof aside of text and interpretation, science is based on proof of theories solely. Although the two have differences that are never going to be resolved within the next century, they can manage to cooperate with each others’ difficulties. But there are also major instances where a resolution would not be exactly what is needed. Science has proven that there is, in fact, a gene that homosexuals have that make them homosexual, and are indeed born with it. Religion, Christianity in particular, believe that it is a disease and can simply be forgiven once the said â€Å"victim† has pleaded for forgiveness and can be â€Å"cured†. Religion seeks justification and science seeks answers. With religion’s ideology and need for uniform social understanding, people will blindly act without seeking to understand the whole situation. With pure â€Å"seeking of truth† people will not stop to wonder if it is a good or bad situation, and if it is something that needs to be sought out. People who are purely scientific will ignore what is not present in the evidence, no matter how obvious it may appear. They will ignore things that they cannot observe to be â€Å"true†. People who base their lives on what they â€Å"know† or have been told do not seek to understand precisely why is it how it is, and potentially stray from their path of righteousness, despite being faced with evidence that discredits their belief. The perfect compromise between the two based on the evidence is that one must both follow their own heart, their own intuition and what one has been taught, yet one also must seek new truths and be willing to adapt. Frankenstein is a novel holds a plethora of themes of human nature; the moral and immoral, creation, and religion versus science. These three major themes then are still major to today, and are constantly being used as examples in modern society and psychological affairs. This is why Frankenstein is such a timeless piece and can always relate to the current times. As a classic, is distinguishes a certain period in time where these things were relevant, and sent a shock throughout society, something that we now appreciate and use when teaching. Creation is a valued as a sickness that plagues a man’s mind with either beauty or destruction, the same sickness that had plagued Victor’s mind while creating Adam. Human nature pushed Adam to harm others and fear for his own life countless times. Religion versus science is a never ending battle between the two, even to this day. The classic novel, Frankenstein, has many themes that are absolutely timeless and still relevant today, which is what makes it so valuable, and allows others to learn from it and understand the social psychology behind the story and how it still applies to the times now.